Kemajuan Teknologi Membran Adsorpsi Pewarna untuk Pengolahan Air Limbah Berkelanjutan: Tinjauan Material, Mekanisme, Kinerja, dan Arah Riset
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53696/venn.v5i4.504Keywords:
Membran adsorpsi, pewarna sintetis, nanokomposit, dye/salt separation, air limbahAbstract
Pencemaran air limbah oleh pewarna sintetis masih menjadi persoalan lingkungan karena molekul pewarna umumnya bersifat stabil, sulit terdegradasi, dan dapat menurunkan kualitas ekosistem perairan. Artikel review ini bertujuan menganalisis kemajuan teknologi membran adsorpsi pewarna, terutama dari aspek desain material, metode fabrikasi, mekanisme adsorpsi, indikator kinerja, stabilitas penggunaan ulang, dan tantangan implementasi. Metode yang digunakan adalah telaah pustaka berbasis sintesis tematik terhadap studi membran adsorptif berbahan polimer, biopolimer, graphene oxide, metal-organic framework, covalent organic framework, biochar, dan material hibrida lain yang dilaporkan dalam literatur terbaru. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kinerja membran terutama ditentukan oleh porositas, luas permukaan aktif, muatan permukaan, hidrofilisitas, dan keberadaan gugus fungsional yang mampu membentuk interaksi elektrostatik, ikatan hidrogen, tumpukan pi-pi, pertukaran ion, serta pengayakan ukuran. Membran nanokomposit dan membran fungsional responsif pH memperlihatkan kapasitas adsorpsi, selektivitas dye/salt, regenerasi, dan sifat antifouling yang lebih baik dibanding membran konvensional. Namun, sebagian besar studi masih dilakukan pada larutan model, durasi operasi singkat, dan belum sepenuhnya menguji air limbah nyata. Oleh karena itu, pengembangan membran adsorpsi pewarna selanjutnya perlu diarahkan pada fabrikasi hijau, skalabilitas, uji kontinu jangka panjang, dan evaluasi ekonomi-lingkungan
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